ANTH 28 Jan 2002

[adric]

Modern man, Upper Paleolithic culture, modern h. sapiens

test wed!

• 50 multiple choice (scantron green, pencil)
  
• 3 or 4 short discussion (pen):
  
  
  
  • primate traits that combine for cultural advancement,
    
  • significanat early hominid cultural devel.
    
  • thorough and specific answers
    


• java and peking -> h errectus
  
• lucy, .. -> australopithicines
  
• primate characteristics
  
• ape characteristics
  

http://gpc.peachnet.edu/~rcarrie/upper.htm

• Out of Africa Theory
  
• Upper Paleolithic
  
• artist recon
  
• new tech:
  
  
  
  • sewing, needles, tailoring -> clothes
    
  • bow and arrow -> weapons
    
  • spear w/ bone and stone points -> short stabbing spears and throwing spears
    
  • "spearchucker" - ada...
    
  • jewelery, cave art -> art
    
  • bone and wood knife (composite) -> tools: handles
    


• points (img)
  
  
  
  • fishhooks
    
  • bone needle -> tents
    
  • carved thighbone w/ animal images?
    
    
    
    • animism?
      
    • improved grip?
      
    • personalization?
      
    • kill notches?
      
  
  
  • free time for precision and specialization
    
  • harpoon heads:
    
    
    
    • detachable, stays in prey
      
    • attach tether
      
    • spring design
      
  
  
  • spear thrower
    
    
    
    • greatly increased force
      
    • rebound sends shaft back to hunter to replace point
      
  
  
  



• Siberian culture in treeless tundra: created shelter from mammoth bones
  
• fire pit with rocks to heat shelter
  
• artist recon of cozy fire, soapstone vessels
  
• art
  
  
  
  • remote locations, high up
    
  • ground paint in limestone floor
    
  • hunting scenes, animals
    
  • handprints, but very few human figures
    
  • Lascoux (SP!), Altamira
    
  • spatter paint
    
    
    
    • clay pigments ground into powder
      
    • wet with saliva,
      
    • spit on wall
      
    • and smoothed with twig
      
  
  
  • human depictions are stylized, noticably not as well done as animals
    
  • wild deer skin worn by human
    
  • "venus" figurines (sp)
    
  • drama: diorama on ceiling of room 1 mi down at Lascoux
    
  • map of Lascoux (sp!)
    
  • artificial lifght: animal fat burned in limestone, soapstone
    
  • access: Who painted, Who saw?
    
  • carvings: bone teeth, some phallic symbols as well, bone flute
    
  • beaded necklace found with remains
    
  
  
• Migration from "Old World":
  
  
  
  • SE Asia: by land until Borneo
    
  • sail from island to island always in sight of land
    
  • Walk from New guinea to Australia
    
  • boats: palm husks, palm fronds, saplings
    
  • spear thrower depicted in Aust. cave art
    
  • E Asia: across Bering ithmus
    
  • simple skin boats
    
  • hopscotch down West Pacific coast
    
  • some migration appears to have come from Iberia (Europe)
    
  • maps of both routes
    
  • size of migratory groups: mostly unknown, but hunting groups were about 25 individuals
    
  • reasons from migration:
    
    
    
    • glacier movement in the North
      
    • following animals
      
    • animals following their food
      
  
  
  • sewing -> surgery?
    
    
    
    • not much evidence from fossils
      
    • Uzi (Iceman) has tattoos showing pressure points for acupuncture, and he had arthiritis (sp)
      
    • some very slight evidence he was a sacrifice
      
  
  
  • Cave use?
    
    
    
    • some caves used for art
      
    • some others have debris indicating long habitiation
      
  
  
  
  
  
  Physical Variations (gpc.peachnet.edu/~rcarrie/color.htm:
  
  
  
  • melanin: activated by exposure to sun
    
    
    
    • extended sun exposure leads to
      
    • skin cancer
      
    • destruction of sweat glands
      
  
  
  • Sahn (sp)
    
    
    
    • Khalihari (sp) Desert
      
    • less direct sunlight
      
    • plenty of reflected sunlight
      
    • epicanthic fold : fat around eyes -> built-in squint
      
  
  
  • E Africa (Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan)
    
    
    
    • long limbed
      
    • hot, dry, savannah and scrub desert
      
    • longer strides for speed
      
    • more surface area for convection cooling
      
    • more sweat glands
      
  
  
  • Sahn
    
    
    
    • males rarely ever more than 90 lbs
      
    • small bodies cool better
      
    • less protein needed for survival
      
    • need less than 1K calories / day
      
    • women have fat deposits on back and buttocks
      
    • cycles of food scarcity
      
    • women more likely to survive
      
    • able to carry child and nurse even in scarcity
      
  
  
  • "Negritoes"
    
    
    
    • Malaysia ...
      
    • adult males rarely exceed 4 ft in height
      
    • easier mobility in dense tropical forest
      
    • need less protein
      
  
  
  • New Guinea
    
    
    
    • children born blond
      
    • hair darkens later
      
  
  
  • Hairiness:
    
    
    
    • mostly a N European trait
      
    • uncommon in African, Asia populations
      
    • Ainu: native inhabitants of Japanese islands are quite hairy, even women sometimes
      
    • light skinned: avoid frostbite, process available sunlight for nutrients (Vitamin D -> activates calcium)
      
    • light eyes: see better in low light
      
    • color blindness: see silhouettes clearly, not fooled by camoflauge -> snipers
      
  
  
  • Epicanthic fold:
    
    
    
    • stereotypically Asian but actually Mongolian
      
    • Navajo: migrated from snow to plains
      
    • light eyes: slow(er) pupil response
      
    • remedied somewhat by squint
      
  
  
  • Sickle cell trait:
    
    
    
    • Mediterranean, Southern India, Southern Arabia, some areas African
      
    • Malaria immunity
      
    • recessive trait: from one parent malarial immunity
      
    • from both parents: serious disease (anemia)
      
    • from neither, malaria (!)
      
    
    
  • Hair color and texture:
    
    
    
    • light hair: northern lattitudes
      
    • tighter curls: insulator